While in principle, international payments could be carried out using any currency or set of currencies, in practice, the US dollar is predominant in international trade and financial flows. The dollar acts as a ‘vehicle currency’ in the sense that agents in non-dollar economies will generally engage in currency trade indirectly using the US dollar rather than using direct bilateral trade among...

One simple method of recognizing paper currencies has been introduced. It considers different dimensions, areas, Euler numbers, correlations between images as features. It uses Weighted Euclidean Distance for classification. The method uses the case of Saudi Arabian paper currency as a model currency under consideration. It uses fifth series of currency, issued by Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency ...

The importance of automatic methods has increased greatly for paper currency recognition due to the development of modern banking services like automated teller machine (ATM) and automatic goods seller machines. For a machine, it is a challenge to recognize paper currency whether it is of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 or 1000. Various method or algorithm has been applied to overcome this challenge and i...

This paper characterizes the integration patterns of international currency unions (such as the CFA Franc zone). We empirically explore different features of currency unions, and compare them to countries with sovereign monies by examining the criteria for Mundell’s concept of an optimum currency area. We find that members of currency unions are more integrated than countries with their own cur...

BACKGROUND Infection with Staphylococcus aureus was initially considered a major problem in hospitals, but over the last few decades the incidence of community-acquired infection has also increased. Paper currency has recently been identified as another mode of spread by which community-acquired S. aureus infection may be transmitted, since paper currency is frequently transferred from one pers...

 As the number of independent countries increases and their economies become more integrated, we would expect to observe more multi-country currency :::union:::s. This paper explores the pros and cons for different countries to adopt as an anchor the US Dollar, the Euro or the Yen. In addition, it addresses the question of how co-movement of outputs and prices would respond to the formation of ...

The aim of this paper is to examine indications for a common currency system on the Internet for spontaneous transactions. First the framework for such a currency system and the theoretical background on common currencies are discussed. Examples of common currencies already in use are evaluated according to a set of criteria developed by the authors. Furthermore the theoretical ideas and the in...