Twenty years have passed since Gould and Lewontin published their critique of 'the adaptationist program' - the tendency of some evolutionary biologists to assume, rather than demonstrate, the operation of natural selection. After the 'Spandrels paper', evolutionists were more careful about producing just-so stories based on selection, and paid more attention to a panoply of other processes. Th...

This paper discusses the principles that should govern the construction of two components of a system for natural language generation (NLG): (1) the ontology or, rather, as the paper argues, the 'ontological' aspects of a belief system -and (2) the semantic representation of noun senses. It is an interesting fact that many ontologies bear a striking resemblance to a system network, as used in s...

Abstract Teaching and learning of French as a foreign language in any Anglophone country such as Ghana is an extremely difficult task to undertake both on the part of the teacher and the student. This is evidenced in the general low performance of students in the subject at the Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE) level in both public and private schools over the years. This case stud...

Abstract Teaching and learning of French as a foreign language in any Anglophone country such as Ghana is an extremely difficult task to undertake both on the part of the teacher and the student. This is evidenced in the general low performance of students in the subject at the Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE) level in both public and private schools over the years. This case stud...

A s CO2 concentrations continue to rise and discussions on global warming assume ever more warning tones, understanding of the CO2 cycle between the atmosphere and biosphere becomes ever more important. Most CO2 enters the biosphere through the actions of Rubisco, an enzyme found in all plants and many microorganisms. For many of these organisms, this entry into the biosphere via the C3 carbon ...

We present an approach to syntax-based machine translation that combines uniication-style interpretation with statistical processing. This approach enables us to translate any Japanese newspaper article into English, with quality far better than a word-for-word translation. Novel ideas include the use of feature structures to encode word lattices and the use of uniication to compose and manipul...

Standardizing ontologms ~s a challenging task Ontologms have been created based on different backgrounds, different purposes and different people However, standardizing them is useful not only for applications, such as Machine Translation and Information Retrmval, but also to Improve the. ontologms themselves During the process of standardization, people can find bugs or gaps in ontologms So st...

In the course of four evaluations in the Advanced Research Projects Agency Machine Translation series, evaluation methods have evolved for measuring the core components of a diverse set of systems. This paper describes the methodologies in terms of the most recent evaluation of research and production MT systems, and discusses indications of ways to improve the focus and portability of the eval...

We present an approach to syntax-based machine translation that combines uniication-style interpretation with statistical processing. This approach enables us to translate any Japanese newspaper article into English, with quality far better than a word-for-word translation. Novel ideas include the use of feature structures to encode word lattices and the use of uniication to compose and manipul...

We address the problem of constructing in a principled way an ontology of terms to be used in an interlingua for machine translation. Given our belief that the a true language-neutral ontology of terms can only be approached asymp-totically, the construction method outlined involves a step-wise folding in of one language at a time. This is effected in three steps: first building for each langua...