Appropriate statistical analyses are an integral part of surgical research. The purpose of this work is to assist surgeons and clinicians with the interpretation of statistics by providing a general understanding of the basic concepts that lead to choosing an appropriate statistical test for common study designs. It is extremely important to understand the nature of the data before embarking on...

Abstract– In the present paper, the effect of heat treatment on the surface roughness of AISI 4140 steel has been investigated by use of paired t-test and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The paired t-test was performed to determine the differences between the means before and after heat treatment. One way ANOVA was used to further evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the difference in...

The most elementary statistical test is the paired samples t-test with just two pairs. Here the data set to be analysed consists of two numbers (the two paired differences), and the statistical test examines whether the population mean is zero. This test can be derived in a surprisingly fast and intuitive manner by plotting one number against the other on a piece of graph paper, then joining th...

Sebagian besar sebuah pembelajaran ditentukan oleh bagaimana cara pendidik dalam berkarya yang dibantu model-model pembelajaran. Model berpusat pada anak (Student-centered learning), seperti model bermuatan STEAM merupakan baik untuk diterapkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh berbasis loose part terhadap sikap kemandirian siswa TK Masyithoh II Sanansari. penelitian eksperimental rese...

AnalisissKinerjasSahamsPadasIndustrisFarmasisSebelumsdansetelahadanyasPandemisCovid-19. Secara garis besar Penelitiansinisbertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerjassaham sektor healthcare yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) sebelum dan setelah adanya pandemi Covid-19. Dengan sampel industri-industri farmasi tercatat periode data digunakan yaitu dari Januari 2019 hingga Desember 2020. Metode...

Autonomic and respiratory variables were recorded in 12 volunteers in three types of sessions (1). Before, during and after a test period of mentally repeating a meaningful syllable 'OM' (MOM session) (2). A similar session except that the test period was spent mentally repeating a neutral work, 'one' (COM session) (3). A session with non-targeted thinking (NT session). The subjects were famili...

In many biomedical research contexts, treatment effects are estimated from studies based on subjects who have been recruited because of high (low) measurements of a response variable, e.g., high blood pressure or low scores on a stress test. In this situation, simple change scores will overestimate the treatment effect; and the use of the paired t-test may find significant change due not to the...