Understanding long-term persistence and variability in species populations can help to predict future survival, growth and distribution; however, sustained observations are exceedingly rare. We examine and interpret a remarkable record of the calcareous brown alga Padina pavonica (Phaeophyceae) at its northern limit on the south coast of England (50°N, 1-3°W) from 1680 to 2014, which is probabl...

Terrestrial gastropods were collected, 15 June to 25 November 1994, from beneath cardboard sheets on deer range in northeastern Minnesota (USA) and examined individually for larvae of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, the meningeal worm of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Overall, 10 (0.08%) of 12,096 snails and slugs were infected with a mean (+/- SD) of 3.2 +/- 2.5 P. tenuis larvae. The ...

The parasitic nematode Parelaphostrongylus tenuis is an important cause of neurologic disease of camelids in central and eastern North America. The aim of this study was to determine whether alpacas develop resistance to disease caused by P. tenuis in response to a previous infection or a combination of controlled infection and immunization. Alpacas were immunized with a homogenate of third-sta...

Multiple predator effects (MPEs) can modify the strength of pest regulation, causing positive or negative deviations from those that are predicted from independent effects of isolated predators. Despite increasing evidence that omnivory can shape predator-prey interactions, few studies have examined the impact of alternative plant food on interactions between multiple predators. In the present ...

Masahide Sasaki, 2 Atsushi Hasegawa, Junko Ishi-Hayase, Yasuyoshi Mitsumori, and Fujio Minami National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukuikita, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 3-13-3 Shibuya, Tokyo 150-0002, Japan Tohoku University, Researach Institute of Electrical Communication 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miy...

The brown algal genus Padina (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) is distributed worldwide in tropical and temperate seas. Global species diversity and distribution ranges, however, remain largely unknown. Species-level diversity was reassessed using DNA-based, algorithmic species delineation techniques based on cox3 and rbcL sequence data from 221 specimens collected worldwide. This resulted in estimat...

Planktotrophic invertebrate larvae have two dissociable stages during development, a facultative feeding period, whose length is determined by the amount of maternal provisioning in the egg, and an obligate feeding period, whose length is determined by the quantity of exogenous energy needed to reach metamorphic competence. Here we set out to experimentally test the impact of feeding during the...