The active ingredients of salvia (dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza) include both lipophilic (e.g., tanshinone IIA, tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I) and hydrophilic (e.g., danshensu and salvianolic acid B) constituents. The low oral bioavailability of these constituents may limit their efficacy. A solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) was developed t...

Linezolid is a new antimicrobial agent effective against drug-resistant gram-positive pathogens which are common causes of infections in hospitalized patients. Many such patients rely on the intravenous or enteral route for nutrition and drug administration. Therefore, the bioavailability of linezolid administered enterally in the presence of enteral feedings in hospitalized patients was examin...

Several studies have shown limited absorption of arsenic from soils. This has led to increased interest in including measurements of arsenic relative bioavailability from soils in the calculation of risks to human health posed by arsenic-contaminated sites. Most of the information in the literature regarding arsenic bioavailability from soils comes from studies of mining and smelter sites in th...

Both deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are common contaminants of feed. Fumonisins (FBs) in general have a very limited oral bioavailability in healthy animals. Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic exposure to DON impairs the intestinal barrier function and integrity, by affecting the intestinal surface area and function of the tight junctions. This might influence the oral...

The contribution of lymphatic transport to the oral bioavailability of methylnortestosterone (M) after oral administration of the lipophilic prodrug methylnortestosterone undecanoate (MU) has been evaluated, and the sensitivity of lymphatic MU transport to lymphatic lipid transport has been investigated. M and MU were administered intravenously and orally to greyhound dogs to determine absolute...

Rosmarinic acid (RA), one of the main bioactive compounds of Rosmarinus officinalis L., exhibits diverse pharmacological effects. However, its oral absolute bioavailability and dose proportionality in vivo have not been comprehensively studied. In the present study, a validated LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of RA in rat plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained foll...

Improving oral bioavailability of drugs those given as solid dosage forms remains a challenge for the formulation scientists due to solubility problems. Most of the newly invented chemical entities are poorly water soluble. As a result formulating them as oral solid dosage forms is a hurdle to the specialists. Many techniques have been exercised to improve oral bioavailability of drugs. Among s...

The aim of this study was to prepare a nasal gel of risperidone and to investigate the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of the drug in rats. Compared with oral dosing, the risperidone nasal gel exhibited very fast absorption and high bioavailability. Maximal plasma concentration (cmax) and the time to reach cmax (tmax) were 15.2 μg mL-1 and 5 min for the nasal gel, 3.6 μg mL-1 and ...