Fatty hydroxamic acid derivatives were synthesized using Lipozyme TL IM catalyst at biphasic medium as the palm kernel oil was dissolved in hexane and hydroxylamine derivatives were dissolved in water: (1) N-methyl fatty hydroxamic acids (MFHAs); (2) N-isopropyl fatty hydroxamic acids (IPFHAs) and (3) N-benzyl fatty hydroxamic acids (BFHAs) were synthesized by reaction of palm kernel oil and N-...

In cooperative wireless communication systems, many combining techniques could be employed at the receiver, such as maximal ratio combining (MRC), equal gain combining (EGC), etc. To address the effect of receiver diversity combining on optimum energy allocation, we analyze the problem of minimizing average total transmit energy under a SNR constraint when different ratio combining methods are ...

An investigation of MOS transistor mismatch is undertaken and a methodology is developed for optimizing mismatch without increasing layout area. Dramatic improvements of up to 300% in matching can be realized by selecting the optimum W=L ratio without changing the overall WL area product. The theoretical basis for the obtainable improvements is fully described and an expression is derived and v...

This paper presents the joint impact of the numbers of antennas, source-to-channel bandwidth ratio and spatial correlation on the optimum expected end-to-end distortion in an outage-free MIMO system. In particular, based on an analytical expression valid for any SNR, a closed-form expression of the optimum asymptotic expected end-to-end distortion valid for high SNR is derived. It is comprised ...

Good daylighting design in buildings not only provides a comfortable luminous environment, but also delivers energy savings and comfortable and healthy environments for building occupants. The importance of using daylight in educational buildings is because of the synchrony of operating hours of the school and daylight plenitude the sky. Daylight improves environmental quality and saves energy ...

It is shown that in the estimation of an arbitrary signal corrupted by additive Gaussian noise, the optimum minimum-variance estimator is always a simple linear transformation of the logarithmic gradient of the average likelihood ratio which is obtained in the optimum detection of the same signal. Conversely, the average likelihood ratio can always be expressed in a simple functional form conta...

This study employs the Taguchi method to approach the optimum co-gasification operation of torrefied biomass (eucalyptus) and coal in an entrained flow gasifier. The cold gas efficiency is adopted as the performance index of co-gasification. The influences of six parameters, namely, the biomass blending ratio, oxygen-to-fuel mass ratio (O/F ratio), biomass torrefaction temperature, gasification...

In this study, favorable carbon-nitrogen ratio for high yields of gibberellic acid (GA3) production from Pseudomonas sp. was investigated. First of all, optimum carbon (glucose, maltose, sucrose, fructose, lactose) and nitrogen (KNO3, NH4Cl, NaNO3, urea, glycine) sources among the others were chosen. The highest yield of GA3 productivity was found in growth medium supplemented with fructose (16...

Piezoelectric bimorph actuation has been successfully used in numerous types of microdevices, most notably micropumps. However, even for the simple case of circular geometry, analytical treatments are severely limited. This study utilized the finite-element method to optimize the deflection of a circular bimorph consisting of a single piezoelectric actuator, bonding material and elastic plate o...