1. introduction metaphor definition in islamic rhetoric has similarities with the theories of metaphor in the west. these similarities do not mean that the traditional definition still works so that rethinking of definition and providing new definitions is not necessary anymore. such an approach certainly will not be promising. the result of these efforts will enclose metaphor in the realm of r...

This paper focuses on how leaders in Japan, Russia, and Western countries talk about the “war on terrorism.” The paper discusses the difficulties of defining “terrorism,” because, unlike Marxism or capitalism, “terrorism” is not an ideology. Instead the term may be used to designate actions that are used by members of non-governmental organizations against civilian targets. In the case of the “...

In this paper we address the problem of defining social roles in MAS. Social roles provide the basic structure of social institutions and organizations. We start from the properties attributed to roles both in the MAS and the Object Oriented community, and we use them in an ontological analysis of the notion of social role. We thus identify as the main properties of social roles being definitio...

In this paper, we discuss the need for a hybrid reasoning approach to handing Semantic Web (SW) data and explain why we believe that the Blackboard Architecture is particularly suitable. We describe how we have utilised it for coordinating a combination of ontological inference, rules and constraint based reasoning within a SW context. After describing the metaphor on which the Blackboard Archi...

The idea that we think about relatively abstract domains (like time) in terms of more concrete domains (like space) but not vice versa can be traced to conceptual metaphor theory. Experiments using verbal and/or visual stimuli suggest a deep ontological basis for space-time asymmetries. Yet vision makes a privileged contribution to spatial processing raising questions about modality. Recently, ...

Part 1 outlines the complex, parallel historical evolution of ZieglerNatta catalysts and related problems. In Part 2, as a general method of inquiry, chemical language and discourse are analyzed, at first to clarify chemists’ epistemic views and the ontological status of catalysts. After analyzing contrasting definitions of ‘catalyst’ and the chemical properties of catalysts, a suitable metapho...

Touch is both the first sense to develop and a critical means of information acquisition and environmental manipulation. Physical touch experiences may create an ontological scaffold for the development of intrapersonal and interpersonal conceptual and metaphorical knowledge, as well as a springboard for the application of this knowledge. In six experiments, holding heavy or light clipboards, s...

Human categorization is neither a binary nor a context-free process. Rather, some concepts are better examples of a category than others, while the criteria for category membership may be satisfied to different degrees by different concepts in different contexts. In light of these empirical facts, WordNet’s static category structure appears both excessively rigid and unduly fragile for processi...

Abstract This article presents an original three-component model of the linguistic sign. It shares with established triadic models Peirce ( 1955 [1897]) and Ogden Richards (1923/1949) in identifying thought, word thing as essential components; but differs being linear, thought at opposite poles. is argued that this arrangement reflects way components sign relate to reality thereby serves well e...