The study of the mechanism of the controlled adhesion of geckos, which is important for the design and fabrication of bio-inspired dry and reversible adhesive surfaces, is widely discussed below the setal level. In this work, the role of the soft lamellar skin in gecko toe adhesion was experimentally revealed. The lamellar skin acting as a soft spring sustains most of the normal deformation dur...

A case mongolism due to "hereditary trans­location ·· is presented and discussed. The mother of the patient showed a Karyogram with 45-XX and G/D translocation. She had no stigmata. She had an abortio when she was 19 years old.  In the second pregnancy the amniotic fluid was gained by amniocentesis. The Karyogram showed G/D translocation mongolism. The Karyo­gram of the child's father was norm...

Butterflies have competing demands for flight ability depending on, for example, mating system, predation pressure, the localization of host plants and dispersal needs. The flight apparatus, however, is costly to manufacture and therefore trade-offs are expected since resources are limited and must be allocated between flight ability and other functions, such as reproduction. Trade-offs between...

Commercially available prosthetic hands are simple grippers with one or two degrees of freedom; these pinch type devices have two rigid fingers in opposition to a rigid thumb. This paper focuses on an innovative approach for the design of a myoelectric prosthetic hand. The new prosthesis features underactuated mechanisms in order to achieve a natural grasping behavior and a good distribution of...

Atmosphere and ocean model assimilated products, in conjunction with observed precipitation and ocean model estimates of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) transport and barrier layer thickness, are analyzed to elucidate the role of external (ENSO and ITF) and internal (monsoon) factors in the initiation of the Indian Ocean Zonal Mode (IOZM). The diagnostics show that there exists a natural mode of c...

The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution, abundance and characteristics of plastic particles in plankton samples collected routinely in Northeast Pacific ecosystems, and to contribute to the development of ideas for future research into the occurrence and impact of small plastic debris in marine pelagic ecosystems. Plastic debris particles were assessed from zooplankton samples...

This report makes a case for the need to examine the methodological foundations of AI. Many aspects of AI have not yet developed to a point of general agreement. The goals of AI work, the methods for acheiving these goals, the presentation of results, and the assessment of claims are all highly contentious issues. All aspects of AI methodology are subject to debate The Workshop on the Foundatio...

Problem 1. Infinite Products and Coproducts in Ab. We have seen that finite products and coproducts agree in Ab. However, the same is not true for infinite products and coproducts. Let I be a set and let {Ai}i∈I be a family of abelian groups, each equal to some fixed group A. (a) Show that the set AI := HomSet(I, A) is an abelian group. Furthermore, show that we can think of this group as the i...

Suppose we wanted to implement a particle simulator with a “floor”: a solid horizontal plane which particles could bounce off of, or lie on. Assuming all the particles started out above the floor, they’d all have to stay there for the rest of the simulation. How could we go about implementing this? Clearly, there are two problems. We need to detect when particles are near the floor, and when th...