Like other herpesvirses (see Figure 1 of Introduction), Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) has a toroid-shaped protein core that is wrapped with DNA, a nucleocapsid with 162 capsomers, a protein tegument between the nucleocapsid and the envelope and an outer envelope with external glycoprotein spikes. The major EBV capsid proteins are 160, 47 and 28 kDa, similar in size to the major capsid proteins of her...

Alphaviruses are a group of icosahedral, positive-strand RNA, enveloped viruses. The membrane bilayer, which surrounds the approximately 400 A diameter nucleocapsid, is penetrated by 80 spikes arranged in a T = 4 lattice. Each spike is a trimer of heterodimers consisting of glycoproteins E1 and E2. Cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction of Ross River virus showed that the T = 4 quater...

The nucleocapsid protein (NC) from the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity for structural studies by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The protein contains two copies of a conserved zinc-coordinating "CCHC array" or "zinc knuckle" motif common to the nucleocapsid proteins of nearly all known retroviruses. The resid...

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is essential for the somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) of Ig genes. The mechanism by which AID triggers SHM and CSR has been explained by two distinct models. In the DNA deamination model, AID converts cytidine bases in DNA into uridine. The uridine is recognized by the DNA repair system, which produces DNA strand breaka...

The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity of spleen cells from BALB/c (H-2d) mice immunized with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) was stimulated in vitro for 7 days. CTL were tested for recognition of target cells infected with either JHMV or vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the four virus structural proteins. Only target cells infected with either JHMV or the va...

Vaux et al. (D. J. T. Vaux, A. Helenius, and I. Mellman, Nature (London) 336:36-42, 1988) recently reported the production of network antibodies that were suggested to have reconstructed a specific interaction between the nucleocapsid of Semliki Forest virus and the cytoplasmic tail of the viral E2 spike protein. The F13 anti-idiotype antibody, which was raised against anti-E2 tail antibodies, ...