The provision of external state support to non-state armed groups in civil wars is a dynamic process. While we know much about the initiation and its effects, less why sponsorship changes over time. Based on within-case analysis United States’ commitment opposition Nicaragua 1980s, this article demonstrates utility focusing shifts leaders’ perceptions domestic attribution processes rather than ...

Abstract The 2018 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2417 makes a significant contribution to the growing normative framework that is considering famines as subjects of global peace and security. Resolution’s limits blind spots in connection with non-state armed groups, use human shields, politics humanitarian intervention are raised discussed this essay. current conflict risk famine Et...

INTRODUCTION 7 Throughout history, people engaged in armed conflict have employed many tools of violence, from rocks and sticks to rifles and guided missiles. These armaments have been used to kill, wound, and destroy physical infrastructure, but not with equal effect. What factors affect people's choice of weaponry and targets? Many variables have a bearing on how small arms and light weapons ...

the aim of this study was to empirically investigate the effect of death-awareness on state mindfulness and state integrative self-knowledge. for existentialists, confrontation with the fact of one’s personal death and tolerance of its inevitable anxiety is the most fundamental conflict of human beings. if such confrontation occurs, it leads to enhancement of one’s self-awareness. empirical tes...

This study empirically examined violent conflict and household income in Rivers state, Nigeria with secondary data sourced from various publications of World Bank - General Household Survey, Panel 2019-2020, Wave 3 (2020). employed descriptive statistics, test Granger Causality test. The empirical result showed that: the level expenditures on food River State is higher than non-food items. also...