Nowadays, local flap coverage methods, including the C-V breast flap compose the majority of nipple reconstruction procedures [1]. As the projection of new nipple from the C-V breast flap is basically subcutaneous fat, the reconstructed nipple tends to be flattened over the long term, especially if submitted to pressure. In addition, necrosis or abrasion may result in flap failure. For this rea...

BACKGROUND Despite the improved appearance associated with skin-sparing mastectomy, removal of the nipple-areola complex has a negative impact on the patient. Still, nipple-areola complex-sparing mastectomy results in preservation of a substantial amount of mammary tissue at risk. This may be prevented by preservation of the nipple-areola complex as a graft that is temporarily banked (e.g., in ...

Painful and/or damaged nipples associated with breastfeeding are common and represent a challenge for both the persons experiencing nipple pain and/or trauma and for those providing treatment. However, evidence-based data has been insufficient to demonstrably minimize these common reasons for failure to initiate or continue successful breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the eff...

BACKGROUND Many methods for the correction of the inverted nipple have been described, but no consensus has been reached as to which is the best approach. OBJECTIVE We describe an integrated approach to the correction of nipple inversion that minimizes ductal disruption. METHODS We performed initial nipple eversion using gentle traction with a skin hook. The nipple base was approached with ...

American population, but there is limited literature on creation of the male nipple-areolar complex (NAC) from the female NAC. Studies have been performed to assess the dimensions and positioning of the ideal male nipple, 1,2 but there are limited techniques to developing that ideal from a female NAC, which tend to have a larger areola, a more prominent nipple, and a different anatomic location...

1 present their method for creating the new nipple/areola recipient site in vertical mammaplasty. Any design of a new nipple/areola recipient site must be based on clear objectives. Fortunately , most of these objectives are widely accepted and are not subject to opinion. Ideally, the nipple sits at the apex of the breast, and the areola margin is circular. 2 How well does the authors' techniqu...

The demand for nipple reconstruction has been increasing with the proliferation of breast reconstruction. After reconstructing a nipple, it is crucial to apply a splint because one of the limitations of nipple reconstruction is loss of nipple projection over time [1]. Long-term projection of the reconstructed nipple is influenced by two factors: 1) contraction of the flap, which begins once the...

Maternal health is a concept indicating the health of mothers during pregnancy, childbirth and the post-partum period. Recent literature indicates that the maternal mortality rate in Iran is 23 per 100,000 live birth. For every death, 20 to 30 mothers suffer from chronic and acute illnesses arising from pregnancy and delivery; therefore, using a valid and reliable indicator will help researcher...

BACKGROUND Patients with moderate to severe ptosis are often considered poor candidates for nipple-sparing mastectomy. This results from the perceived risk of nipple necrosis and/or the inability of the reconstructive surgeon to reliably and effectively reposition the nipple-areola complex on the breast mound after mastectomy. METHODS A retrospective review identified patients with grade II/I...

BACKGROUND Nipple-areolar reconstruction is the final step in breast reconstruction. Reconstruction using local flaps and tattooing is useful in cases of bilateral reconstruction, a small nipple-areolar complex (NAC) as the donor site, and avoiding disturbance of the normal side and other body parts. However, this method can cause projection loss and color fading of the nipple. Moreover, the br...