The pharmaceutical properties of clarithromycin (CAM) tablets containing the metastable form I of crystalline CAM were investigated. Although the dissolution rate of form I was higher than that of stable form II, the release of CAM from form I tablet was delayed. Disintegration test and liquid penetration test showed that the disintegration of the tablet delayed because of the slow penetration ...

Penetration testers are required to attack systems to evaluate their security, but without engaging in unethical behaviour while doing so. Despite work on hacker values and studies into security practice, there is little literature devoted to the ethical pressures associated with penetration testing. This paper presents several ethical dilemmas and dimensions associated with penetration testing...

Security researchers and practitioners lack techniques to quantitatively evaluate the strength of security systems against a determined attacker. Currently, evaluation is either qualitative, such as through security certification standards, or ad-hoc, such as through penetration testing and auditing. In this paper, we propose a framework that if applied to security systems, would produce quanti...

BACKGROUND Traditionally, acupuncturists manipulate needles to enhance sensations referred to as de qi or 'acupuncture needle sensation'. Acupuncture needle sensations are complex and quantifying the experience has been difficult. The aim of this crossover study was to measure self-reported needle sensation during deep and bi-directional rotated needling in 15 healthy volunteers. METHODS Each...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the sharp and blunt needles in order to determine the incidence of complications during transforaminal anterior epidural steroid injections. METHODS In this retrospective study, 185 cases that undergo transforaminal epidural steroid injection with sharp or blunt needles were evaluated between June 2004 and December 2008. Patients age, sex, diagn...

BACKGROUND Multiple factors impact subcutaneous insulin injection pain. Injection devices [e.g., syringe or pen needle (PN)] affect pain due to needle length, diameter, needle polishing and lubrication, and needle tip geometry. METHODS We evaluated a modified 5-bevel PN tip in 32 G × 4 mm 31 G × 5 mm and 8 mm PNs vs the equivalent marketed 3-bevel PNs in laboratory penetration force testing, ...

BACKGROUND Detection of risk factors for an air embolism in the left atrium, left ventricle, or systemic circulation (systemic air embolism, SAE) during a percutaneous core needle biopsy (PCNB) of the thorax. METHODS In a retrospective observational study, all PCNBs of the thorax in 610 patients between 2007 and 2009 were analyzed. The SmartStep™ technique (General Electric) was used for the ...

Objectives To determine the effect of size and insertion depth of irrigation needle on the amount of apical extruded debris and the amount of penetration depth of sealer using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Materials and Methods Twenty maxillary premolars were assigned to 2 groups (n = 10), according to the size of needle tip, 28 G or 30 G. Buccal roots of samples were irrigated...

This study investigated the impact of using modified bitumen binders and additives to enhance physical characteristics asphalt mixtures at high, medium, low temperatures. Both basic rheological bituminous were tested by adding Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene, a type thermoplastic elastomer, as chemical additive various fractions (3.5%, 4%, 4.5%), two kinds Bitumen: Kraton styrene block copolymers Eur...

Aim: The aim of this study is an anatomical review regarding the brachial plexus and its relationships with contiguous anatomical structures to better define the Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block Technique already described by Manani (IBPBTM), specifically concerning the point of needle penetration, needle direction and its relationship with OmoClavicular Triangle (OCT) and the inferior belly ...