Previous studies of the genetic architecture of fruit metabolic composition have allowed us to identify four strongly conserved co-ordinate quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). This study has been extended here to encompass the other 23 enzymes described to be involved in the pathways of BCAA synthesis and degradation. On coarse mapping the chromosomal locat...

The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase superfamily oxidize and reduce a wide range of substrates, making their functional annotation challenging. Ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI), encoded by the ilvC gene in branched-chain amino acids biosynthesis, is a promiscuous reductase enzyme within this superfamily. Here, we obtain steady-state enzyme kinetic parameters for 10 IlvC homologues from the ge...

Previously, the concept of a gestation period of sheep shorter than 121 days was unheard of in the field of sheep biology. Our findings during a farmers’ survey in the Lotkho area of Chitral, Pakistan, revealed that the sheep native to the region, locally called “Kari”, gestates for a period of only three months. This duration is 25-40% short of the usual gestation length and is shorter than ev...

Do people who speak different languages think differently, even when they are not using language? To find out, we used nonlinguistic psychophysical tasks to compare mental representations of musical pitch in native speakers of Dutch and Farsi. Dutch speakers describe pitches as high (hoog) or low (laag), whereas Farsi speakers describe pitches as thin (nazok) or thick (koloft). Differences in l...

Sanna Kotisaari,* Jarkko Romppanen,* Ulla Ågren,° Sakari Eskelinen,* Kari Punnonen* *Department of Clinical Chemistry, Kuopio University Hospital, PL 1777, Kuopio; °Students’ Health Service, Kuopio University, PL 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland

Salam Koja ( Murraya koenigii ) adalah salah satu spesies tanaman obat yang biasanya dimanfaatkan sebagai rempah. Tanaman ini mengandung banyak senyawa metabolit sekunder potensial dikembangkan menjadi bahan baku khususnya antibiotika. Artikel disusun untuk membahas tentang aktifitas antibakteri pada bioaktif ditemukan Koja. Koja/daun Kari memiliki cukup baik, selain antioksidan, antikanker, an...

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The finiteness problem for automaton groups and semigroups has been widely studied, several partial positive results are known. However we prove that, in the most general case, the problem is undecidable. We study the case of automaton semigroups. Given a NW-deterministic Wang tile set, we construct a Mealy automaton, such that the plane admits a valid Wang tiling if and only if the Mealy autom...

All members of the ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI) enzyme family characterized to date have been shown to prefer the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydride (NADPH) cofactor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride (NADH). However, KARIs with the reversed cofactor preference are desirable for industrial applications, including anaerobic fermentation to produce branched-chain ...