in general sense, development means improving material and spiritual levels of human society and creating the proper conditions of a healthy life for all people of a society. according to this, development includes cultural, political, social and economic aspects which incorporates qualitative and quantitative changes and yet it can be considered a relative concept from both internal and extern...

One of the major obstacles in the process of national development, is the disruption in regional balance construct. As has been noted in some studies the existence of regional inequity leads to domination of some regions to surrounding regions and causing political and economic challenges in developing countries. And given that transportation is one of the components of region, undoubtedly equi...

Mismatch of territories under authority of local governments with urban-regional activity domains, on one hand, has caused numerous problems and, on the other hand, has hindered taking maximum advantage of regional capacities and partial and competitive advantages. Hence, application of a new regionalism approach, which focuses on shared planning and management by all stakeholder groups within ...

National governments have responsibility for national transport infrastructure, including roads, railways, ports and airports, but they also provide the regulatory and governance structure within which regional and local governments, private operators and transport users operate. While there is a considerable literature on infrastructure development for the different modes, there has been relat...

Multilateral and bilateral donors have assisted regional water resources planning organizations in West Africa during the period since independence with limited success. Development of sound plans has been hampered primarily by lack of budgetary support, ineffective management, poorly defined objectives and inadequate coordination among donors. national governments and the planning organization...