This document specifies extensions to the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) to facilitate Network Address Translator (NAT) traversal. The extensions are based on the use of the Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) methodology to discover a working path between two end-hosts, and on standard techniques for encapsulating Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) packets within the User Datagram Pro...

Today, network address translators, or NATs, are everywhere. Their ubiquitous adoption was not promoted by design or planning but by the continued growth of the Internet, which places an ever-increasing demand not only on IP address space but also on other functional requirements that network address translation is perceived to facilitate. This article presents a personal perspective on the his...

Fiscal decentralisation has played a significant role in the development of China’s economy over the past three decades. Yet there has been only limited analysis of the way in which decentralisation might affect variables such as welfare, output and income at the aggregate level and none at the regional level. This paper makes a contribution to redressing this lack by analysing the aggregate an...

A number of investigators have found perceptual deficits in schizophrenic subjects. It has also been indicated that those with schizophrenia suffer from reduced attention. This raises the possibility that their perceptual deficits may wholly or in part reflect attentional effects. The present study used computer simulations to examine the potential effects of inattention on performance measures...

sig List { -list basis cplx: one Nat, -list functions and predicates -#1 specification: list app: List -> lone List, lastcons: Elem -> lone List, r_isin: set Elem, -reversed arguments -#2 specification: list-dup adjoin: Elem -> lone List, rmdup: lone List, disjoin: set List, -#3 specification: list-last last: lone Elem, butlast: lone List, r_butlastn: Nat -> lone List, -reversed arguments rev: ...

Carrier Grade NAT (CGN) mechanisms enable ISPs to share a single IPv4 address across multiple customers, thus offering an immediate solution to the IPv4 address scarcity problem. In this paper, we perform a large scale active measurement campaign to detect CGNs in fixed broadband networks using NAT Revelio – a tool we have developed and validated. Revelio enables us to actively determine from w...

BACKGROUND Estimates for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) transfusion-transmitted risks have relied on incidence derived from repeat donor histories and imprecise estimates for infectious, preseroconversion window periods (WPs). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS By use of novel approaches, WPs were estimated by back-extrapolation of acute viral replication dynamics. Inc...

A PSC was detected on 6 February 2003 in the Arctic stratosphere by in-situ measurements onboard the high-altitude research aircraft Geophysica. Low number densities (∼10−4 cm−3) of small nitric acid (HNO3) containing particles (d<6μm) were observed at altitudes between 18 and 20 km. Provided the temperatures remain below the NAT equilibrium temperature TNAT, these NAT particles have the potent...