The communication industry has been the major driving force behind the extraordinary progress made in photonics that contributed to an age of information explosion over the past two decades. In the recent past, scientific breakthroughs have brought tremendous momentum to this field of research and we have observed an outbreak of interest in nanoscale materials and devices with revolutionary app...

while the application of optical and photonic technologies in the communications, computing, medicine and industrial manufacturing has been growing rapidly, the miniaturization of these technologies has been slow due to the limitation on the diffraction. however, the developments of nanoscale components and guiding methods are continuing with a rapid pace. since waveguiding is a fundamental iss...