we use the basic binomial option pricing method but allow someor all the parameters in the model to be uncertain and model this uncertaintyusing fuzzy numbers. we show that with the fuzzy model we can, with areasonably small number of steps, consider almost all possible future stockprices; whereas the crisp model can consider only n + 1 prices after n steps.

nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients in crop production, but it's losses to the environment is harmful. the sundial model (simulation model of n dynamics in the soil) was used to quantify the cycle of n and it's losses in different production systems of sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.) in former khorasan province, east of iran. the data were collected from traditional, semi-me...

This paper describes our third participation in an evaluation campaign involving the Chinese, Japanese and Korean languages (NTCIR-6). Our participation is motivated by three objectives: 1) study the retrieval performances of various probabilistic and language models for these languages; 2) compare the relative retrieval effectiveness of a combined “unigram & bigram” indexing scheme combined wi...

This paper explores new evaluation perspectives for image captioning and introduces a noun translation task that achieves comparative image caption generation performance by translating from a set of nouns to captions. This implies that in image captioning, all word categories other than nouns can be evoked by a powerful language model without sacrificing performance on n-gram precision. The pa...

This paper presents a method to introduce the notion of a student selected difficulty level for the task of pronunciation learning of a second language. Three difficulty levels, novice, acceptable and native, are constructed using a tri-/biand unigram language model each using a specific set of broad phonetic groups determined using underspecification. The evaluation of the experiment is based ...

The major system is a mnemonic system that can be used to memorize sequences of numbers. In this work, we present a method to automatically generate sentences that encode a given number. We propose several encoding models and compare the most promising ones in a password memorability study. The results of the study show that a model combining part-of-speech sentence templates with an n-gram lan...