We provide strong theoretical and experimental evidence that standard sub-tree crossover with uniform selection of crossover points pushes a population of a-ary GP trees towards a distribution of tree sizes of the form: Pr{n} = (1− apa) ( an+ 1 n ) (1− pa) pa where n is the number of internal nodes in a tree and pa is a constant. This result generalises the result previously reported for the ca...

Hyperstructure theory was born in 1934 when Marty [19] defined hypergroups as a generalization of groups. Let H be a non-empty set and let ℘∗(H) be the set of all non-empty subsets of H. A hyperoperation on H is a map ◦ : H ×H −→ ℘∗(H) and the couple (H, ◦) is called a hypergroupoid. If A and B are non-empty subsets of H, then we denote A◦B = ∪ a∈A, b∈B a◦b, x◦A = {x}◦A and A◦x = A◦{x}. Under c...

An n-ary operation Q : Σ → Σ is called an n-ary quasigroup of order |Σ| if in the equation x0 = Q(x1, . . . , xn) knowledge of any n elements of x0, . . . , xn uniquely specifies the remaining one. Q is permutably reducible ifQ(x1, . . . , xn) = P ` R(xσ(1), . . . , xσ(k)), xσ(k+1), . . . , xσ(n) ́ where P and R are (n − k + 1)-ary and k-ary quasigroups, σ is a permutation, and 1 < k < n. An m-a...

An n-ary operation q : Σn → Σ is called an n-ary quasigroup of order |Σ| if in x0 = q(x1, . . . , xn) knowledge of any n elements of x0, . . . , xn uniquely specifies the remaining one. An n-ary quasigroup q is permutably reducible if q(x1, . . . , xn) = p(r(xσ(1), . . . , xσ(k)), xσ(k+1), . . . , xσ(n)) where p and r are (n− k + 1)-ary and k-ary quasigroups, σ is a permutation, and 1 < k < n. ...

In this paper n-ary regular division associative algebras are discussed. It is shown that every operation in algebra will be endo-linearly represented over the same binary group. Schauffler like theorem proved for those algebras.

This paper deals with a class of hyperstructures called ordered n-ary semihypergroups which are studied by means j-hyperideals for all positive integers 1≤j≤n and n≥3. We first introduce the notion (softly) left regularity, right intra-regularity, complete generalized regularity investigate their related properties. Several characterizations them in terms provided. Finally, relationships betwee...