The way in which novelties that lead to macroevolutionary events originate is a major question in evolutionary biology, and one that can be addressed using the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) as a model system. It is exceptional among amphibians in displaying intraspecific diversity of reproductive strategies. In S. salamandra, two distinct modes of reproduction co-occur: the common mod...

How do individuals think counterfactually about the outcomes of their decisions? Unfortunately, most previous studies have investigated the way in which readers think about fictional stories, rather than the way in which actors think about events they have actually experienced. We assume that an individual’s role (actor vs. reader) can make different information available, which in turn can aff...

In this paper the author introduces the common and different features of signals intelligence and electronic warfare support measures, as well as interprets the content of intelligence and combat information. The paper shows the role of low probability of intercept transmission modes in the modern tactical communications. It focuses on the challenges to signals intelligence and electronic warfa...

in the logic section of the hikmat al-ishraq (the philosophy of illumination), suhrawardi innovatively makes the three modes (necessity, possibility and impossibility) part of the predicate, thus considering the mode of all propositions to be ‘necessary’. insofar as the modes are also discussed in other topics in logic such as contradiction, conversion and syllogism, this innovation also influe...

Goal-directed action in changing environments requires a dynamic balance between complementary control modes, which serve antagonistic adaptive functions (e.g., to shield goals from competing responses and distracting information vs. to flexibly switch between goals and behavioral dispositions in response to significant changes). Too rigid goal shielding promotes stability but incurs a cost in ...

We use the notion of emergence to consider the sorts of knowledge that can be produced in a collaborative research project. The notion invites us to see collaborative work as a developmental dynamic system in which various changes constantly occur. Among these we examine two sorts of knowledge that can be produced: scientific knowledge, and collaborative knowledge. We argue that collaborative k...