Brown Mixture (BM), containing opium powder (10.0-10.5% morphine), opium tincture (0.9-1.1% morphine), or camphorated opium tincture (0.045-0.055% morphine), is a popular remedy, while heroin use is prohibited in Taiwan. Thus, for specimens that are tested positive for morphine, specimen donors' claims of BM use have to be adequately addressed. This study was designed to develop and validate a ...

Objective To compare the relative human abuse potential of intact and manipulated morphine abuse-deterrent, extended-release injection-molded tablets (morphine-ADER-IMT) with that of marketed morphine sulfate ER tablets. Methods This randomized, double-blind, triple-dummy, active- and placebo-controlled, 4-way crossover, single-center study included adult volunteers who were experienced, nond...

Background: There is growing evidence indicating that neuronal calcium channels play an important role in the mechanism of Morphine dependence. Objective: To investigate the acute and long-term effects of Verapamil in Morphine dependent mice. Methods: Mice were rendered dependent on Morphine by subcutaneous injection of Morphine over a period of 5 days. The effects of acute and chronic administ...

INTRODUCTION Consumption of codeine can lead to positive urine test for morphine in athletes. Morphine is classified as a prohibited doping drug while Codeine is not. Morphine/codeine ratio is used in forensic medicine to distinguish the consumption of codeine from abuse of morphine and other narcotics. CASE PRESENTATION We present an athlete with positive urine test for morphine with a histo...

Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic. However, the repeated use of morphine causes tolerance and hyperalgesia. Neuroinflammation has been reported to be involved in morphine tolerance and withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia. The complement system is a crucial effector mechanism of immune responses. The present study investigated the roles of complement factor C5a and C5a receptor (C5aR) in the dev...

Objective: In the present study, the effects of aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) on the acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice were investigated. Materials and Methods: Subcutaneous administration of morphine (40 mg/kg for four days) produced place preference. Intraperitoneal administration of aqueous extract (40 and 80 mg/kg for ...

BACKGROUND Chronic morphine exposure creates dependence and, upon cessation, withdrawal symptoms. Studies indicate the phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor sildenafil may provide centrally mediated benefits against withdrawal, and therefore, this study evaluated morphine withdrawal signs in dependent mice with and without sildenafil treatment. METHOD Dependence was induced by repeated tr...

BACKGROUND Mammalian cells synthesize morphine and the respective biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated. Human neutrophils release this alkaloid into the media after exposure to morphine precursors. However, the exact role of endogenous morphine in inflammatory processes remains unclear. We postulate that morphine is released during infection and can be determined in the serum of patients wi...

OBJECTIVE To determine synovial concentrations of morphine after intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) with morphine or morphine in combination with gentamicin in clinically healthy, standing sedated horses. STUDY DESIGN Experimental. ANIMALS Adult horses (n = 6). METHODS IVRLP was performed using 0.1 mg/kg morphine (M) in standing sedated horses. After a 3-week washout period, IVRL...

BACKGROUND Acetaminophen is commonly used for the management of perioperative pain. However, there is a marked discrepancy between the extent to which acetaminophen is used and the available evidence for an analgesic effect after major surgery. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the morphine-sparing effect of acetaminophen combined with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with mor...