the absence of merchants played a significant role in the movement of national oil industry and had undeniable effects on the failure of this movement in 1953. the focus of this study is to find out the reasons why merchants were absent in the great oil national movement. in this study, document analysis was used to respond to the research question. the finding shows that the merchants especial...

Electronic Commerce over the Internet is one of the most rapidly growing areas in todays business. However, considering the most important phase of Electronic Commerce, the payment, it has to be noted that in most currently exploited approaches, support for at least one of the participants is limited. From a general point of view, a couple of requirements for correct payment interactions exist,...

Electronic Commerce over the Internet is one of the most rapidly growing areas in todays business. However, considering the most important phase of Electronic Commerce, the payment, it has to be noted that in most currently exploited approaches, support for at least one of the participants is limited. From a general point of view, a couple of requirements for correct payment interactions exist,...

Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) is a methodology that swiftly gained much acceptance in the technical sphere. Consequent on the fundamentals that CBSE is speedily evolving inclination in the software engineering (SE) space. Its adoption encourages that software systems are no longer assembled from abrasion. In its place recyclable software components, assembled by internal software ...

Mobile phones are becoming, if not already, an integral part of our lives. They have a wide range of applications, such as communication, gaming and commerce. Shopping in particular is a rapidly growing domain. Today, shoppers use their phones to make more informed shopping decisions by researching products and merchants, save money using price comparison, mobile coupons and daily deal apps, ev...

Communal responsibility, a medieval institution studied by Greif (2006), supported the use of credit among European merchants in the absence of modern enforcement technologies. This paper shows how this mechanism helps to overcome enforcement problems in anonymous buyer/seller transactions. In a village economy version of the Lagos and Wright (2005) model, agents trading anonymously in decentra...

Electronic Commerce over the Internet is one of the most rapidly growing areas in todays business. However, considering the most important phase of Electronic Commerce, the payment , it has to be noted that in most currently exploited approaches, support for at least one of the participants is limited. From a general point of view, a couple of requirements for correct payment interactions exist...

Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. I confirm the finding that the propensity to start a new firm rises sharply among those in the top five per-centiles of personal wealth. This pattern is more p...

This paper utilizes the Asset and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old (AHEAD) Panel to test for the absence of causal links from socio-economic status (SES) to innovations in health or mortality, and from health conditions to innovations in wealth. We conclude that there is no causal link from SES to mortality or to incidence of sudden onset health conditions (accidents and, probably, acute condi...