this paper is about to discover the roots of formation of one of the political and social phenomena called political party in a particular period of iranian contemporary history. in the light of this kind of study we can go beyond the superficial and general analyses which are the characteristic of traditional and under developed societies unfortunately these analyses are used to justify all th...

Information systems are critical assets for modern enterprises and incorporate key knowledge acquired over the life of an organization. These systems must be updated continuously to reflect evolving business practices. Unfortunately, repeated modification has a cumulative effect on system complexity, and the rapid evolution of technology quickly renders existing technologies obsolete. Eventuall...

by John G. Cramer Alternate View Column AV-150

This entry emphasises the fact that, considered as a whole, models of regional development afford analyses of a range of centripetal and centrifugal forces, and that relative development depends on the relative weight of these two sets of forces. It also emphasises the fact that regional development is dialectical/cumulative in character as consequences are causes and causes are consequences: w...

Legacy system modernization has gained increasing attention from both researchers and practitioners, mainly due to the need of maintaining legacy systems towards business needs and technology advances. In this way, a set of techniques, tools and terms related to software modernization have been proposed— although they have not been consolidated yet. This hinders the characterization of real mod...

Software modernization remains a difficult, highly intellectual, labor-intensive, collaborative, and risky undertaking involving software engineers interacting in knowledge-centric processes. While many tools and several methodologies are available, current modernization projects lack adequate automated and systematic operational process support. This chapter provides an introduction to the top...

Most capitated programs have not generated innovative ways to organize care, but have instead concentrated on enrolling healthy beneficiaries and using crude controls on service use. Competition can lead to a number of problems for beneficiaries, including instability in the care they receive. Choice of plans will not offer many advantages for beneficiaries, particularly since it is important t...