Using Roche/454 technology, we sequenced the chloroplast genomes of 12 Triticeae species, including bread wheat, barley and rye, as well as the diploid progenitors and relatives of bread wheat Triticum urartu, Aegilops speltoides and Ae. tauschii. Two wild tetraploid taxa, Ae. cylindrica and Ae. geniculata, were also included. Additionally, we incorporated wild Einkorn wheat Triticum boeoticum ...

Protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) is an oxidoreductase enzyme abundant in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In plants, PDIs have been shown to assist the folding and deposition of seed storage proteins during the biogenesis of protein bodies in the endosperm. Cloning and characterization of the complete set of genes encoding PDI and PDI like proteins in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese...

Le site d’Artasat est repute pour abriter les vestiges d’un grand centre de la fin du 1er millenaire avt. n.e. Sur une des collines formant le site, restes rempart en brique crue mis au jour cours fouilles menees dans annees 1980 ont longtemps ete interpretes comme d’une occupation periode Urartu, soit premiere moitie L’A. refute toutefois cette hypothese qui repose essentiellement sur comparai...

mannea is the most important state, which was established before median kingdom and ruled on vast part of northwestern iran for several centuries. manneaen were from hurrian race and language and probably entered the region about 1500 b.c. in their political life although they suffered many inva-sions from assyria and urartu, they kept their political and cultural independence and expended thei...