Rauch (JIE, Vol.48, 1999) proposes the hypothesis that proximity and common language / colonial ties are more important for differentiated products than for homogeneous products in forming price information and matching international buyers and sellers. His gravity-model analysis, however, is not able to show strong evidence to support this hypothesis. In this paper, by using SITC and monopolis...

Studies on slashburning effects in British Columbia have yielded a range ofresults. On some sites, fire effects on soil temperatures or competing vegetation may account for better tree growth on burned than unburned areas. In some cases, short-term effects on browse damage may temporarily obscure long-term effects on height growth. Slashburning effects on tree nutrient status vary between study...

Fossil fuels, like mineral oil, coal, and natural gas, are derived from the biomass of ancient times. As such, they are indirect products of photosynthesis. It is therefore appropriate to ask whether we can use currently available biomass and convert it into biofuels like biodiesel and biogas. Biohydrogen might be another option. Often one can read that biofuels are CO2-neutral and therefore a ...

In this paper, we report for the first time a microstructural characterization of pyrolysis oils obtained from biomass. Bio crude oils (BCOs) are good candidates as substitutes for mineral oils as fuels. By using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), we show that BCOs are nanostructured fluids constituted by a complex continuous phase and nanoparticles mainly formed by the association of units...

Despite its economic relevance, little is known about salt tolerance mechanisms in pepper plants. To address this question, we compared differences in responses to NaCl in two Capsicum chinense varieties: Rex (tolerant) and Chichen-Itza (sensitive). Under salt stress (150 mM NaCl over 7 days) roots of Rex variety accumulated 50 times more compatible solutes such as proline compared to Chichen-I...

Scholars concerned with abuses of the "resource privilege" by the governments of developing states sometimes call for national sovereignty over the natural resources that lie within its borders. While such claims may resist a key driver of the "resource curse" when applied to mineral resources in the ground, and are often recognized as among a people's territorial rights, their implications dif...

To develop a direct microbial sugar conversion platform for the production of lipids, drop-in fuels and chemicals from cellulosic biomass substrate, we chose Yarrowia lipolytica as a viable demonstration strain. Y. lipolytica is known to accumulate lipids intracellularly and is capable of metabolizing sugars to produce lipids; however, it lacks the lignocellulose-degrading enzymes needed to bre...

The production of mineral nitrogen represents a large fossil energy input in Swedish agriculture. However, mineral nitrogen can be produced in the Haber-Bosch synthesis, with input from renewable energy. This could lower the dependency on fossil energy and the emissions of greenhouse gases in agricultural production. The aim of this study was to investigate the land use, energy use and greenhou...

Geothermal heating and cooling from a depth of 10–3?500 meters have considerable decarbonization potential but understudied life-cycle environmental impacts. We quantified the impacts six configurations shallow to medium-depth geothermal wells with connected, decentralized heat pumps district in State Geneva. Shallower systems connected better performance than heating, whereas free perform best...