Conventional electroporation (EP) by 0.1 to 1 kV/cm pulses longer than 100 micros, and supra-electroporation by 10 to 300 kV/cm pulses shorter than 1 micros cause different cellular effects. Conventional EP delivers DNA, proteins, small drugs, and fluorescent indicators across the plasma membrane (PM) and causes moderate levels of phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation at the PM. We hypothesize ...

Several improvements are added to the MicroElec extension of Geant4 in order track very low energy electrons, protons and ions different materials. The interaction processes for extended down 1 keV/nucleon, a few eVs corresponding electron affinity or work-function selected material. Surface electrons added, along with electron–phonon interactions SiO2. models validated silicon several new mate...

Measurements were performed to assess the dose equivalent outside a primary proton treatment field, using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) microdosimeter. The SOI microdosimeter was placed on the surface of an anthropomorphic phantom and dose equivalents were determined as a function of lateral distance from a typical passively scattered and modulated prostate treatment field. Measurements were als...