Solid fuels, including biomass, consist of combustible, ash and water. Ash in fuel is result of reaction of minerals presented in the biomass. Minerals and other different substances which form ash got into biomass during growth. Ash is solid residue resulted from the perfect laboratory combustion of fuel. It is composed of minerals that are present in the fuel. Some species of biomass ash have...

The electric arc furnace (EAF) is used to produce high quality steel from steel scraps. The EAF uses plasma arc to generate heat for melting scarp or direct reduced iron (DRI). The liquid metal should be drained from the tap hole. Manual tapping operation of the EAF in the hot environment around the furnace is a potentially dangerous and time consuming task for the workers. Therefore, it is ess...

the design and manufacture of direct smelting reactors depends on the rate of the physico-chemical reactions that occur in the particles immersed into the molten bath. investigation of the effects of the important parameters that influence the smelting rate of the particles that in the furnace are both difficult and expensive if the aimed is to take measure meuts under real practical conditions...