Dogs presented to the Small Animal Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran were included in the present study if spinal or intervertebral disc involvement was suspected. Clinical signs were recorded as well as general information of the patient such as age, breed and sex. Sixty dogs were examined radiographically and two standard orthogonal lateral and ventrodorsal projections wer...

Background: Inadequate use of these techniques probably increases the risks of radiography. This study has been accomplished in 2016 to determine medical students and residents of Birjand University of medical science awareness levels of principles of protection in radiologic imaging. Methods: In this descriptive research, all medical students, including externs, interns, radiology residents a...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a constant magnetic field and radio waves, a non-invasive method for examining tissues, organs and the skeletal system. Advantages and disadvantages of MRI are not fully understood; however, it has been commonly used in the diagnosis of skeleton and bone diseases (such as disk and spinal disorders, joint disorders (arthritis), bone tumours and tissues...

Introduction: Teaching styles and methods have been constantly changing in the recent years. In the 1980s and 90s, the world was introduced to various developed devices, such as smart boards and early generation smart phones that had an immediate innovative effect on education. These advancements has resulted in a considerable improvement in the current educational techniques. The innovations i...