Assume that we have some data D and a model M of the process that generated the data. The model has some parameters θ, the specific value of which we do not know but wish to estimate. If the model is properly constructed, we will be able to calculate the probability of it generating the observed data given a specific set of parameter values, P (D|θ,M). Often, the conditioning on the model is su...

The Sharpe ratio function is a commonly used risk/return measure in financial econometrics. To estimate this function, most existing methods take two-step procedure that first estimates the mean and volatility functions separately then applies plug-in method. In paper, we propose direct method via local maximum likelihood to simultaneously negative log-volatility as well their derivatives. We e...

the preparation of vegetation cover maps by used the land inventory and a traditional method has a lot of cost and time. but today, remote sensing is one of the main sources of data collection and information production for study and monitoring land resources, and was efficient tools for providing quickly and timely data and information needs for program planning in the natural resource filed. ...