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Understanding and measuring determinants of bid-ask spreads is decisive to clarifying the efficiency of the microstructure of any exchange and general market liquidity. This paper examines the market microstructure of a low liquidity, market maker driven option market, the relations to the underlying securities’ market and the challenges of pricing liquidity. Comparing empirical results with pr...

abstract in iran, border regions are considered as strategic and critical locations. potential, natural, and economic constraints as well as being away from the capital, and consequently from power and decision-making centers are some of the main features of these regions. in this regard, the establishment of border markets is one of the most recognized methods for the economic development of b...

the purpose of this study was critical understanding of economic consequences of emergence and development of border market from the view point of perception, interpretation and experience of the people. in fact, cross-border market in kurdish regions has developed after the changes happened in iraq in last decades. hence, the study of the consequences of emergence and development of these type...

As the title suggests, this paper compares two “formula” or mechanical investment techniques, dollar cost averaging and a relatively new proposal, value averaging, to a form of random investing to determine if any technique yields superior investment performance. Results indicate that value averaging does provide superior expected investment returns when investment prices are quite volatile and...

The mobile online medium (i.e. mobile data communication) allows the creation of context-sensitive profiles for mobile consumers by using identityand context information and thereby enabling the efficient targeting of current consumers' needs. However, current implementations of Mobile Marketing activities do not make use of these beneficial unique features and apply, for instance, content-base...