Marine protected areas are often designated in which represent important or historic fishing grounds. Within the European Union, Natura 2000 (N2000) network of nature protection consists Special Areas Conservation and Protection under Habitats Directive Birds Directive, respectively. In Denmark, an ecosystem-based approach to management bivalve fisheries has been implemented a number these N200...

This paper describes the development of a Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) that estimates the relative ability of California commercial sea urchin fishermen to cope with the change associated with proposed marine protected areas. A key goal in establishing marine protected areas is to maximize conservation benefits while minimizing the potential negative impacts to local fishing communities...