'White bile' is a clear, colourless, watery fluid found occasionally in the biliary tree proximal to an extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Thus it is neither white nor bilious; and it is not viscid and opaque like the fluid found in the obstructed gall bladder. With the exception of the paper by Judd and Lyons (1923) previous reports on white bile dealt either with a single patient (Edington and...

The paleobiodiversity of the Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Ranikot Group (Sindh, Pakistan) and particularly of the Lakhra Formation (SBZ 5 biozone, Earliest Eocene), is reconsidered on the basis of new material collected during recent field trips. Ten new species are described (Mitreola brohii sp. nov., Lyrischapa vredenburgi sp. nov., L. brevispira sp. nov., Athleta (Volutopupa) cith...

The purpose of our research is to highlight the policy communist regimeregarding official recognition limits spread famine in Ukraine 1921–1923 andan indication factors that influenced correction disaster area.The scientific novelty publication a comprehensive analysis normative-legal acts,according which officially recognized 1921-1923 werechanged Ukraine.Conclusions.. confrontation between Uk...

The hunger strike is a strange technique of civil war. Physical suffering—possibly even death—is inflicted on oneself, rather than on the opponent. The technique can be conceived as a paradoxical inversion of hostage-taking or kidnapping, analyzed by Elster (2004). With kidnapping, A threatens to kill a victim B in order to force concessions from the target C; sometimes the victim is also the t...

cerned with all organic phenomena and thus embraced pathology. Furthermore, fever was seen by R6schlaub not as disease per se as hitherto but as a symptom of an anomaly in the normally balanced relationship between the organism and its external environment. But above all, Brown's theory of excitability offered an intellectual basis for therapy. Tsouyopoulos shows convincingly that the crisis of...

РЕЦЕНЗІЯ НА ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДИЧНЕ ВИДАННЯ: ЗАХІДНО-УКРАЇНСЬКА НАРОДНА РЕСПУБЛІКА 1918–1923

In Memoriam: Edwin D. Lawson (1923-2021)