This work presents a macro model for discrete-time sigma‒delta modulators, which can significantly reduce the simulation time compared to transistor level circuits. The proposed is realized by effectively combining active and passive ideal circuit components with Verilog-A modules. As such, since true representation of actual circuit, moderately good accuracy be obtained. In addition, includes ...

To connect different scale models in the multi-scale problem of microwave use, equivalent material constants were researched numerically by a three-dimensional electromagnetic field, taking into account eddy current and displacement current. A volume averaged method and a standing wave method were used to introduce the equivalent material constants; water particles and aluminum particles are us...