the application of a comprehensive model of communicative language ability (cla) to language teaching and testing has always been an imperative in l2 education since hymess proposal of communicative competence in the 1970s. recent l2 research has clearly underscored the importance of sufficient pragmatics representation as an essential component of cla in pedagogical and testing practices in l2...

The ability of OLG models in analyzing and simulating the various fields of an economy, such as the investigation of endogenous growth policies, the development of intergenerational equity criteria and the reform of social security system, has caused these models to have a special position among economists in recent decades. However, difficulties in quantifying these models and analyzing their ...

Developments in Syria have been one of the most important events that have influenced the foreign policy and consequently, national security of Islamic Republic of Iran in a way that Syria’s condition has become a game with numbers for Iran and any fundamental development in its political structure significantly influence Iran’s security. For years, Syria has had the role of a gate for Iran to ...

abstract deviation or in other words committing a crime is literally a social problem. this research that was conducted in 1389 and 1390 has tried to investigate the causes of crimes committed by young male inmates qazvin central prison and effective variables on their tendency to deviation. accordingly after collecting theoretical framework and offering theoretical model including both hirsch...

Increasing urbanization today and the lack of integrated urban management have led to inadequate planning in cities. In this regard, the local councils, as the most prominent local institutions and the most important decentralization manifestations, symbolize the serious presence of the people to determine their own fate, if they are institutionalized in the governance structure as coordinators...

 Abstract: One of the most important geo-political variables influencing the country's fate is the energy variable and one of the ways that Iran can increase its national security factor is to pay attention to foreign policy based on security and transit of energy (oil and gas). In the new geo-economic territories, Iran plays a vital role in the Middle East region in general and in the Persian...