Montan wax origins from ancient plant which leads a long and slow way towards becoming lignite thousands of years ago, their composition is very complex. Crude montan wax is obtained after organic solvent extraction from lignite, then deresined wax is acquired by cooling the extracted solvent toluene, last refined wax called S wax could be made after a series oxidation process, which can be use...

Heavy organics deposition is a common problem in oil industry, especially in oil production, transportation and processing. Wax or solid paraffin series are examples of heavy organics that deposit. Precipitation and crystallization of wax causes major difficulties in different processes. Based on multi-solid theory, a basic model is modified in this paper for wax precipitation in different oils...

The morphogenesis of the composite epicuticular wax coverage and regeneration ability of the upper wax layer in Nepenthes alata pitchers were studied using a cryo-scanning electron microscopy. Examination of pitchers of different ages revealed six stages in the wax coverage development. In the first stage, wax crystals resemble those found recently in mature pitches of N. dicksoniana and N. ven...

Abstract Excavations at the Chalcolithic site Fazael in central Jordan Valley uncovered a large number of metal items, many them polymetallic copper alloys cast lost wax technique. Metallography and SEM–EDS analysis on subset assemblage confirm previous notions metallurgy Southern Levant but extend significantly three aspects: The is slightly depleted its arsenic content compared to assemblages...

OBJECTIVES To retrospectively collect data on patients with burn injury due to hot depilatory wax. To investigate the effect of varying microwave output power on wax temperature. To determine whether instructions provided by manufacturers allow safe domestic use. METHODS Data from the RAH burns database was collected for patients with wax-induced burns between January 1991 and January 2010. W...

Abstract Apart from many lost wax cast metal fragments, crucible fragments and several heated sediment nodules were found at the Chalcolithic site Fazael 2 (central Jordan Valley). Petrographic investigations on revealed features characteristic of Southern Levantine casting moulds. Heating temperatures assessed using infrared spectroscopy, showing that did not vitrify clay fraction in Consequen...

BACKGROUND The Chinese white wax scale, Ericerus pela Chavannes is economically significant for its role in wax production. This insect has been bred in China for over a thousand years. The wax secreted by the male scale insect during the second-instar larval stage has been widespread used in wax candle production, wax printing, engraving, Chinese medicine, and more recently in the chemical, ph...

The aerial surfaces of plants are covered with a wax layer that is primarily a waterproof barrier but that also provides protection against environmental stresses. The ubiquitous presence of cuticular wax is testimony to its essential function. Genetic and environmental factors influence wax quantity and composition, which suggests that it is an actively regulated process. The basic biochemistr...

Investment casting has been the most widely used process for several centuries for producing components of excellent surface finish, dimensional accuracy and complex shapes. In the present study, work has been done to select a correct wax type with minimum shrinkage for further investment casting process of aerospace components. Wax Patterns were made with different types of waxes namely Patter...