the strawberry spider mite (ssm), tetranychus turkestani ugarov & nikolski, is an important pest of greenhouse cucumber in tropical and temperate regions of the world. the use of the host plant resistance is a basic method to reduce pesticide application in greenhouses. in this study, the biological responses of ssm to six greenhouse cucumber cultivars (puia, hedieh, milad ghadim, milad jad...

In order to complete its life cycle, a cyst nematode must stimulate the production of a specialized syncytial feeding site within host root tissues. This process is characterized by major changes in local root morphology, including enlargement of affected nuclei and nucleoli, cell wall degradation, and proliferation of subcellular organelles. At the molecular level very little is known about th...

Bacterial pathogens possess an array of specific mechanisms that confer virulence and the capacity to avoid host defence mechanisms. Mechanisms of virulence are often mediated by the subversion of normal aspects of host biology. In this way the pathogen modifies host function so as to promote the pathogen's survival or proliferation. Such subversion is often mediated by the specific interaction...

Hosts and parasites interact on both evolutionary and ecological timescales. The outcome of these interactions, specifically whether hosts are more resistant to their local parasites (sympatric) than to parasites from another location (allopatric), is likely to affect the spread of infectious disease and the fitness consequences of host dispersal. We conducted a cross-infection experiment to de...

maize genotypes were screened for host resistance and seed treatment chemicals were evaluated in field to manage fusarium ear rot complex of maize at high- and mid-hill environments in nepal during 2003 and 2004. seven popular maize genotypes along with a susceptible check were used in the host resistance study. the maize genotypes adopted from exotic sources, manakamana-3 and deuti, performed ...

Systemic graft-versus-host (GVH) ~ disease arising in F~ animals injected with thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes of parental origin is a complex phenomenon (1). F~ animals express the transplantation antigens of both parents codominantly and it is generally assumed that they are unable to reject gral~ of immunocompetent parental lymphoid cells; as a consequence, they are susceptible to GVH disease...