OBJECTIVE To study the association between knowledge about levonorgestrel emergency contraception (LNG-EC) and the risk of ectopic pregnancy (EP) following LNG-EC failure. METHODS This study included 600 women who had visited the hospital with LNG-EC failure. Of these, 300 with EP and 300 with intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) were recruited to the EP group and IUP group respectively. The particip...

BACKGROUND An enteric-coated levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pill (E-LNG-ECP) is an improved formulation, in terms of side effects, which both dissolves and is absorbed in the intestine. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of E-LNG-ECP as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug for emergency contraception (EC) in Chinese women. METHODS A Phase IV clinical trial was conducted in five...

Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 2004: 30(2) What is the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system? This Guidance provides recommendations and good practice points regarding the use of a levonorgestrelreleasing intrauterine system, the accepted abbreviation for which is LNG-IUS. The use of a copper-bearing intrauterine device (IUD) has been covered in previous Faculty ...

Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 2004: 30(2) What is the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system? This Guidance provides recommendations and good practice points regarding the use of a levonorgestrelreleasing intrauterine system, the accepted abbreviation for which is LNG-IUS. The use of a copper-bearing intrauterine device (IUD) has been covered in previous Faculty ...

BACKGROUND Experimental evidence to disprove the belief that emergency contraception with levonorgestrel (LNG) prevents pregnancy by interfering with post-fertilization events is lacking. Here we determined the effect of post-coital and pre-ovulatory administration of LNG on fertility and ovulation, respectively, in the Cebus monkey. METHODS To determine the effect on fertility, LNG 0.75 mg o...

OBJECTIVE Two low-dose levonorgestrel intrauterine contraceptive systems (LNG-IUSs; total content 13.5 mg [average approx. 8 μg/24 hours over the first year; LNG-IUS 8] and total content 19.5 mg [average approx. 13 μg/24 hours over the first year; LNG-IUS 13]) have previously been shown to be highly effective (3-year Pearl Indices: 0.33 and 0.31, respectively), safe and well tolerated. The pres...

In this paper, we discuss the design optimization of a relatively simple LNG process; the PRICO process. A simple economic objective function is stated and used on eight different cases with varying constraints. Important constraints are discussed and the results are compared with the commercial PRICO process and with other publications.

OBJECTIVE Levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) has been shown to treat patients with non-atypical & atypical endometrial hyperplasia (EH) successfully in many western studies. Our purpose was to examine the effectiveness of LNG-IUS in the treatment of Korean women with EH. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study of 12 women diagnosed with EH and treated with L...

For transportation of natural gas (NG), pipeline transportation is often used. However, when gas volumes are moderate, and/or transportation distances are large, the capital and operating costs for pipeline transport become prohibitive. In such cases, transport of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) in tankers is often the preferred choice for bringing the gas to the market. In the liquefaction process...

OBJECTIVES To compare rates of unintended pregnancy, method continuation and reasons for removal among women using the 52-mg levonorgestrel (daily release 20 microg) levonorgestrel IUD (LNG-IUD) or the copper T 380A (TCu380A) intrauterine device. STUDY DESIGN This was an open-label 7-year randomized controlled trial in 20 centres, 11 of which in China. Data on 1884 women with interval inserti...