A language L ⊆ A∗ is literally idempotent in case that uav ∈ L if and only if uav ∈ L, for each u, v ∈ A∗, a ∈ A. We already studied classes of such languages closely related to the (positive) varieties of the famous StraubingThérien hierarchy. In the present paper we start a systematic study of literal varieties of literally idempotent languages, namely we deal with the case of two letter alph...

A survey of randomly selected sample of television advertisements indicated that a significant number of these ads contain counterintuitive concepts. This makes sense in light of recent findings that suggest that minimally counterintuitive ideas are more memorable than intuitive ideas. However, a subsequent experiment performed to investigate the role of context in the memorability of such conc...

Recently, artistic places and places known from movies induced an increasing tourism. However, the fast development also challenges the rural planning authorities that are not prepared to manage the high number of tourists. In this paper focus is put on two rural municipalities in southern Sweden. The purpose of this paper is to scrutinize and compare tourism development and tourism planning in...