Background and Aims: Influenza (flu) is a respiratory infection in mammals and birds. It is caused by an RNA virus in the family Orthomyxoviridae. The virus is divided into three main types. Influenza virus type A is found in a wide variety of bird and mammal species and can undergo major shifts in immunological properties. Hemagglutinin (HA) is an important influenza virus surface antigen that...

  Toxoplasma gondii contain various immunogenic antigens. The most important Toxoplasma antigens are somatic and excreted/secreted antigens. Rhoptry proteins are known as excreted/secreted antigens. These antigens have been proposed as a vaccine candidate against toxoplasmosis. The main objective of the present work was cloning rhoptry protein1 (ROP1) Gene of Toxoplasma gondii (RH) in a cloning...

background and aims: influenza (flu) is a respiratory infection in mammals and birds. it is caused by an rna virus in the family orthomyxoviridae. the virus is divided into three main types. influenza virus type a is found in a wide variety of bird and mammal species and can undergo major shifts in immunological properties. hemagglutinin (ha) is an important influenza virus surface antigen that...

Development of yeast artificial chromosome (Y AC) vectors, molecular cloning of large segments of chromosomal DNA, and their propagation in yeast cells has become feasible. Overlapping Y AC provides a route to the development of physical maps of entire mammalian chromosomes. A rapid method was developed to isolate and sequence termini of Y AC inserts quickly. The Y AC clone is digested wit...

background type 1 diabetes mellitus is one of the metabolic diseases that cause insulin-producing pancreatic ß cells be destroyed by immune system self-reactive t cells. recent­ly, new treatment methods have been developed including use of the stem cells, ß islet cells transplantation and gene therapy by viral and non-viral gene constructs. objectives the aim of this project was preparing the n...

Large-scale production of plasmid DNA to prepare therapeutic gene vectors or DNA-based vaccines requires a suitable bacterial host, which can stably maintain the plasmid DNA during industrial cultivation. Plasmid loss during bacterial cell divisions and structural changes in the plasmid DNA can dramatically reduce the yield of the desired recombinant plasmid DNA. While generating an HIV-based g...

Cloning of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products into plasmid vectors by conventional methods, relying either on recognition sequences built into the primers or taking advantage of the template-independent terminal transferase activity of Taq DNA polymerase to add an extra adenine to the 3′ end of the product, are often difficult (1,10,12). In recent years, numerous cloning strategies (10,13...