From applied linguistic point of view, the fundamental question facing the language teachers, methodologists and course designers is which procedure is more effective in FL/SL: learning to use or using to learn? Definitely, in order to be a competent language user, knowledge of language system is necessary, but it is not sufficient to be a successful language user. That is why there was a gradu...

While Bourdieu’s theory of practice provides an ensemble of conceptual tools which analyze patterns of social life that are irreducible to the limiting view of individuals as free-acting agents, Genette’s paratextual theory offers the metalanguage necessary to account for the microcosm of paratext as a linguistic space. This study takes issue with unidirectional approaches to researching parate...

To address the hesitancy, inconsistency and uncertainty of decision makers’ cognitions, linguistic interval hesitant fuzzy sets (LIHFSs) are efficient tools. This paper focuses on studying the application of LIHFSs. To do this, two correlation coefficients of LIHFSs are defined, which needn't consider the length of elements in LIHFSs or the arrangement of their possible interval values. To addr...