BACKGROUND: The tongue, which plays a very important role in food intake by vertebrates, exhibits significant morphological variations that appear to represent adaptation to the current environmental conditions of each respective habitat. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present investigation was to investigate lingual structure in adult budgerigar. METHODS: Tongues of 12 adult budgerigars were used ...

OBJECTIVES The interforminal region, between the mandibular foramen, is known as a relatively safe area that is free of anatomic structures, such as inferior alveolar nerve, submandibular fossa, and lingual side of the mandible is occasionally neglected for its low clinical importance. Even in the case of a severely constricted alveolus, perforation of the lingual cortical bone had been intende...

disease agents that principally target the tongue are relatively rare. it seems that type of food and roughage play an important role to predispose the animals to lingual ulcers. during a period of four years different aspects of cattle lingual fossa ulcer were studied in a semi-industrial dairy farm in tehran. the affected animals showed various stages of ulcer formation in their lingual fossa...

Compensatory speech motor patterns occur in response to sensory changes in the vocal tract to facilitate natural sounding speech. The purpose of this project was to investigate speech compensation to midline lingual piercing. In the first experiment, two groups of female speakers (one with tongue piercing) produced two sets of speech samples. Tongue piercing barbells were kept in place as basel...

A joint-space model for cross-lingual distributed representations generalizes language-invariant semantic features. In this paper, we present a matrix cofactorization framework for learning cross-lingual word embeddings. We explicitly define monolingual training objectives in the form of matrix decomposition, and induce cross-lingual constraints for simultaneously factorizing monolingual matric...

PURPOSE The objective of this study was to clinically evaluate the frequency, type, and risk factors for lingual nerve damage after mandibular third molar surgery with reference to lingual flap retraction. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of fifty-five patients referred for bilateral mandibular third molar removal were included in this study. Each patient was randomly allotted to have the procedu...

Lingual thyroid is an uncommon condition and cases accompanying hemiagenesis are rarely documented. Patients with usually asymptomatic generally diagnosed incidentally. Herein, we reported the case of ectopic lingual euthyroidism presented regional symptoms.