The scope of a wholesale market may, in addition to demandand supply-side substitution at the wholesale level, also be determined by substitution patterns at the retail level. Considering wholesale broadband access markets, it is argued that each of these forces can be strong enough to render a 5-10% price increase by a hypothetical monopolist at the wholesale level unprofitable and thus may le...

The paper provides empirical evidence for the causal impact of broadband Internet on firms’ labour productivity and realised process and product innovations. The analysis refers to the early phase of DSL expansion in Germany from 2001 to 2003, when roughly 60 percent of the German firms already used broadband Internet. Identification relies on instrumental variable estimation taking advantage o...

1 Overview of the Georgian Telecommunication sector 1.1 Comparative metrics of an existing condition in the telecommunication sector in Georgia The comparative data for the Georgian telecommunication sector are given in the table 1. Georgia Low income countries Europe World Fixed line telephony Main telephone lines (k), 2000 860 Main telephone lines per 100 inhabi-The market of communication se...

† The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of WIK-Consult 2 Abstract Countries in Latin America have lagged behind much of the world in telephone lines, but they have made up this gap through cellular networks. The limited wired infrastructure means that broadband access will more likely be achieved through wireless technology. In this p...

conclusion safety-related parameters of posterolateral and posterior approaches in supine thoracentesis are far better than that of the conventional lateral approach. background in patients who have difficulty sitting, thoracentesis is attempted in a supine position via lateral approach. recently, a new table has been designed for supine thoracentesis. this table has gaps that allow access to t...