The origin and structural and functional significance of modular design in organisms represent an important issue debated in many different disciplines. To be eventually successful in clarifying the evolutionary mechanisms underpinning the emergence of modular design in complex organisms, one should be able to cover all different levels of biological hierarchy. Specifically, one should be able ...

Starting from the seminal work introducing Alternating Temporal Logic, formalisms for strategic reasoning have assumed a prominent role in multi-agent systems verification. Among the others, Strategy Logic (SL) allows to represent sophisticated solution concepts, by treating agent strategies as first-order objects. A drawback from the high power of SL is to admit non-behavioral strategies: a ch...

Markov models provide a useful representation of system behavioral actions and state observations, but they do not scale well. Utilizing a hierarchy and abstraction as in hierarchical hidden Markov models (HHMMs) improves scalability, but they are usually constructed manually using knowledge engineering techniques. In this paper, we introduce a new method of automatically constructing HHMMs usi...

The article first addresses the importance of cognitive modeling, in terms of its value to cognitive science (as well as other social and behavioral sciences). In particular, it emphasizes the use of cognitive architectures in this undertaking. Based on this approach, the article addresses, in detail, the idea of a multi-level approach that ranges from social to neural levels. In physical scien...

As complex models are used in practice, modelers require eecient ways of abstracting their models. Through the use of hierarchy, we are able to simplify and organize the complex system. The problem with the hierarchical modeling is that system components in each level are dependent on the next-lowest level so that we are unable to run each level independently. We present a way to augment hierar...

background: numerous in vitro reports suggest that low level laser therapy (lllt) affects cellular processes by biostimulation, however most of them emphasize on using visible light lasers which have low penetration. the aim of this study was to determine the effect of infrared laser light (which is more useful in clinic because of its higher penetration) on secretion of fibroblast growth facto...

Although exemplar models of category learning have been successfully applied to a wide range of classification problems, such models have only rarely been tested on their ability to deal with vertical category learning, that is, cases where the same stimuli may be classified at multiple levels of abstraction. We report an experiment in which participants learned to classify artificial stimuli a...

Abstract Discrimination constitutes a sticky phenomenon in corporations despite decades of anti-discrimination initiatives. We argue that this stickiness is related to the complex relations between various factors on micro level organizations, which determine and stabilize each other. Based systematic literature review comprising empirical studies discrimination due age, gender, race, ethnicity...

Smart grid is an intelligent energy distribution system consisting of multiple information and communication technologies (ICT). One of the challenges for such complex and heterogeneous system as smart grid is to unite security analysis on a high level of abstraction and concrete behavioral attack patterns that exploit low-level vulnerabilities. We provide a structured method that combines the ...