A control oriented dynamic model of the Lean NOx Trap (LNT) behavior has been developed in SIMULINK. The model simulates the trapping and purging phenomena and includes the important parameters which affect the LNT behavior. These include the trap temperature, trapping and purging duration, air fuel ratios and the mass flow rates of the exhaust gases. Engine dynamometer test data have been used...

BACKGROUND Severe burn induces a sustained hypermetabolic response, which causes long-term loss of muscle mass and decrease in muscle strength. In this study, we sought to determine whether muscle disuse has additional impact on muscle atrophy after severe burn using a rat model combining severe cutaneous burn and hindlimb unloading. METHODS Forty Sprague-Dawley rats (≈ 300 g) were randomly a...

Lean operation of spark ignition (SI) automotive engines offers attractive performance incentives. Lowered combustion temperatures inhibit NO, pollutant formation while reduced manifold throttling minimizes pumping losses, leading to higher efficiency. These benefits are offset by the reduced combustion speed of lean mixtures, which can lead to high cycle-to-cycle variation and unacceptable eng...

The competition to deliver fuel e cient and environmentally friendly vehicles is driving the automotive industry to consider ever more complex powertrain systems. Adequate performance of these new highly interactive systems can no longer be obtained through traditional approaches, which are intensive in hardware use and nal control software calibration. This paper explores the use of dynamic pr...

Experiments to identify the knock trends of lean gasoline-air mixtures, and such mixtures enhanced with hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO), were performed on a single-cylinder research engine with boosting capability. The experimental method used to investigate knock trends consisted of determining the octane number (ON) of the primary reference fuel (mixture of isooctane and n-heptane) sup...

Legislation limiting NO x and CO emissions from production natural gas engines dictate a need for greater understanding of the mechanisms governing these pollutants' formation. This work concerns the formulation of a one dimensional, multizoned, thermochemical model incorporating detailed kinetics for calculating NO and CO emissions from small, lean burning natural gas engines. The model calcul...

Severe thermal injury is associated with hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism, leading to skeletal muscle breakdown, lean body mass loss, weight loss, and negative nitrogen balance. Muscle protein catabolism in patients with severe thermal injury is the result of stress-induced increased release of cytokines and counterregulatory hormones. Coupled with decreased serum anabolic hormone concentrat...