In suitable growing conditions, the grasses are one of the well lawn covering materials due to uniform in color and texture, soft and resilient, easy to take care of. In many areas, grasses can provide a surface that maintenance frees than paving. They can be walked on, sat on and used for many outdoor activities and sport activities such as; football, soccer, volleyball and related practices. ...

The biodiversity and climate crises are critical challenges of this century. Wildflower meadows in urban areas could provide important nature-based solutions, addressing the jointly benefitting society process. King's College Cambridge (England, UK) established a wildflower meadow over portion its iconic Back Lawn 2019, replacing fine lawn first laid 1772. We used surveys, Wilcoxon signed rank ...

A low-cost field goniometer was constructed for multiangular reflectance measurements using a spectral radiometer. The goniometer consists of a circular base made of plywood approximately 4 m in diameter. A rotating arch carries a sled with the radiometer, which can be positioned at any angle relative to the test object at the center of the goniometer. Data from the radiometer are downloaded to...

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Water sources optimizing required a suitable irrigation program. Different material can use to increase water use efficiency. Superabsorbent is one of the materials where used in around the world. These materials put in the soil and absorb water so that reserved water is usable by plant in the time of drought stress and they can reduce stress and lead to prevent yield loss. Therefore, the exper...