[1] Aftershocks follow a well‐defined spatial decay pattern in the intermediate field. Here I investigate the same pattern for foreshocks. Foreshock linear density decays as r over distances r of 0.1–30 km for 15 minutes before magnitude 3–4 mainshocks. This trend is the same as that of the aftershocks within the error of the measurement. This consistency of spatial decay can be explained by th...

We theoretically and experimentally generate stationary crescent surface solitons pinged to the boundary of a microstructured vertical cavity surface emission laser by triggering the intrinsic cavity mode as a background potential. Instead of a direct transition from linear to nonlinear cavity modes, we demonstrate the existence of symmetry-breaking crescent waves without any analogs in the lin...

This perspective review describes emerging techniques and future opportunities for time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) experiments using high repetition rate XFEL sources. High sources are becoming more available with the European in operation recently upgraded LCLS-II will be near future. One efficient use of these facilities TR-SFX relies on pump–probe a laser to trigger...

We present the design and absolute calibration of a charged particle online readout CMOS system tailored for high-power laser experiments. This equips Thomson parabola spectrometer, which is used at Apollon petawatt scale facility to measure spectra protons produced by high-intensity laser–target interactions. The RadEye1 matrices array detectors are paired with custom triggering image grabbing...

We present a novel technique to measure time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence signals in plasma sources that have a relatively constant Fourier spectrum of oscillations in steady-state operation, but are not periodically pulsed, e.g., Hall thrusters. The technique uses laser modulation of the order of MHz and recovers signal via a combination of band-pass filtering, phase-sensitive detection...

Interaction of ultrafast laser pulses with metal surfaces in the spallation regime can result in the formation of anisotropic nanoscale surface morphology commonly referred to as laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) or ripples. The surface structures generated by a single pulse irradiation of monocrystalline Cr samples are investigated experimentally and computationally for laser f...

Background GnRH agonist triggering is one of the strategies for ovulation triggering and final maturation of oocytes. So , should be notice for luteal phase support in these cycles. At the first it was began for prevention of severe OHSS but it was associated with luteal phase problem and lower pregnancy rate due to luteolysis effects of GnRH agonists. So, two other alternative strategies have ...