The price e¤ects of the Swedish pharmaceutical substitution reform are analyzed using data for a panel of all pharmaceutical product sold in Sweden in 1997–2007. The price reduction due to the reform was estimated to average 10% and was found to be signi…cantly larger for brand name pharmaceuticals than for generics. The results also imply that the reform ampli…ed the e¤ect that generic entry h...

Our study devotes special attention to the fact that R&D cooperations in the pharmaceutical industry are formed at different stages throughout the drug development process. We study how the timing to engage in R&D cooperations in the pharmaceutical industry impacts firms performance in technology and product markets. Using a comprehensive dataset on the pharmaceutical industry, and estimating a...

The impact of a reform that increased consumer information on brand name and generic pharmaceutical prices is analyzed both theoretically and empirically. The theoretical results show that an increase in information likely reduces the price of brand name pharmaceuticals, while the results regarding generics are less clear. In the empirical part of the paper, the introduction of the substitution...

Kremer and Snyder (2015) show that demand curves for a preventive and treatment may have different shapes though they target the same disease, biasing the pharmaceutical manufacturer toward developing the lucrative rather than the socially desirable product. This paper tightens the theoretical bounds on the potential deadweight loss from such biases. Using a calibration of the global demand for...

This paper analyzes how drug approval procedures in uence the incentives of pharmaceutical rms to launch new drugs in the presence of international reference pricing. First, we show that the set of countries in which a rm commercializes a new drug is larger when countries do not approve this new drug simultaneously. We also show that a rm's best response to international reference pricing is to...

This paper avails of the multinational-level Amadeus dataset to study the dynamics of the European pharmaceutical industry in the Single Market Programme era: 1990-2004. Our unit of investigations are multinationals that every period decide whether to expand or not, by capturing at least one of the arisen opportunities. By using a dynamic panel probit approach with unobserved heterogeneity we s...

AIMS To investigate whether myocardial ischaemia elicitable during pharmacological stress echocardiography portends different prognosis in men and women. METHODS AND RESULTS The study group was made by 1733 patients (941 men, 792 women) who underwent dipyridamole (n=1008) or dobutamine (n=725) stress echo for evaluation of known or suspected coronary artery disease. An ischaemic response was ...

This paper explores the relationship between wages and the scientific orientation of R&D organizations. Firms who adopt a science-oriented research approach (i.e., “Science”) allow their researchers to pursue and publish an individual research agenda.. The adoption of Science may be associated with a “taste” for Science on the part of researchers (a Preference effect) and/or as a “ticket of adm...

Under the TRIPS agreement, WTOmembers are required to enforce product patents for pharmaceuticals. The debate about the merits of this requirement has been extremely contentious. Many low-income economies claim that patent protection for pharmaceuticals will result in substantially higher prices for medicines, with adverse consequences for the health and well-being of their citizens. On the oth...