Ibnu Khaldun adalah seorang filsuf abad 14 yang sangat berpengaruh dalam dunia Islam dan Barat. Ia concern membahas masyarakat Negara, sosial-politik hingga soal Tuhan agama. Kitab Mukaddimah merupakan karya monumental menjadi rujukan utama penelitian ini. Tulisan ini mengangkat tokoh penting karena the history of scientific development tak lepas dari sejarah tradisi intelektual selalu memperka...

Throughout history, civilizations have served as the highest level of human progress, and just like countries, empires or societies, they always been prone to rise fall. As a result, attempts understand their dynamics, formation, decline significantly important for sociologists, politicians, anthropologists historians, both recently in past. One those was Islamic scholar Abdurrahman Ibn Khaldun...

The British utilitarian philosopher and social engineer, Jeremy Bentham in 1780 coined the modern usage of the term ‘international’ with reference to International Law (Bentham 1996). In the nineteenth century the main usage of the adjective ‘international’ was with respect to international exchange and the relations between principalities, nations and empires. Nevertheless, the theory and prac...

Rather than a single black intellectual tradition, there are more properly black intellectual traditions. These are intellectual movements that have developed in the modern world out of the formation of black people, who in turn were formed from a diverse set of ethnic groups. Some emerged from the many African ethnicities brought under the rubric of "black." Others are from varieties of black-...