Kainate-type glutamate receptors (KARs) regulate synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability via multiple mechanisms, depending on their subunit composition. Presynaptic KARs tonically depress glutamatergic transmission during restricted period of synapse development; however, the molecular basis behind this effect is unknown. Here, we show that the developmental and cell-type specific expr...

Expansion of CD4+CD28null T cells is a characteristic finding in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Despite lacking CD28 molecules, these unusual CD4 T cells undergo clonal proliferation and form large and long-lived clonal populations. They produce high levels of IFN-gamma, exhibit autoreactivity, and have cytolytic function. The mechanisms facilitating the expansion and longevity of CD4+CD28...

Glutamate receptors are key mediators of brain communication. Among ionotropic glutamate receptors, kainate receptors (KARs) have been least explored and their relevance to pathophysiology is relatively obscure. This is in part due to the relatively low abundance of KARs, the regulatory function in network activity they play, the lack of specific agonists and antagonists for this receptor subty...

Interneuron kainate receptor (KAR) activation regulates normal network activity and modulates cell excitability. As a result, determining the subcellular distribution of KARs in a cell-specific manner is a necessary step toward understanding their role in network function. We have functionally mapped synaptic and extrasynaptic dendritic KARs on hippocampal oriens interneurons using local photol...

mln recent years, knowledge-based systems have become one of the most popular approaches for solving engineering problems. Conventionally, knowledge acquisition and representation are treated as separate processes. Knowledge engineers are responsible for preparing question patterns and setting up personnel interviews with domain experts for knowledge acquisition. All acquired knowledge is manua...

This paper discusses the uni cation of Z speci cations in particular speci cations that maintain di erent representations of what is intended to be the same datatype Essentially this amounts to integrating previously published techniques for combining multiple viewpoints and for combining multiple views It is shown how the technique proposed in this paper indeed produces uni ca tions and that i...

Minimum cost spanning tree problems try to connect agents e¢ ciently to a source when agents are located at di¤erent points in space and the cost of using an edge is …xed. We examine solution concepts to divide the common cost of connection among users, and revisit the dispute between two of the most familiar solutions: the Kar and folk solutions, both based on the familiar Shapley value. We ch...

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), associated with high mortality, is characterized by extensive death of hepatocytes and hepatic dysfunction. There is no effective treatment for FHF. Several studies have indicated that flavonoids can protect the liver from different factor-induced injury. Previously, we found that the extracts of Elaeagnus mollis leaves had favorable protective effects on acute ...

Kainate receptor (KAR) subunits are believed to be involved in abnormal GABAergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus (HIPP) in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder. Postmortem studies have shown changes in the expression of the GluR5/6 subunits of KARs in the stratum oriens (SO) of sectors CA2/3, where the basolateral amygdala (BLA) sends a robust projection. Previous work using a rat mode...