Sprinkler and Fan Cooling Principles In sprinkler and fan cooling, the sprinklers create droplets that wet the cow’s hair coat to the skin. Fans are then used to force air over the cow’s body (see Figure 1), causing evaporative cooling to take place on the skin and hair coat. Heat from the cow’s body causes the moisture to evaporate. The droplet size must be large enough to wet the skin surface...

We propose the possibility of a new phenomenon affecting the settling of dust grains at the terrestrial region in early protoplanetary disks. Sinking dust grains evaporate in a hot inner region during the early stage of disk evolution, and the effects of condensation and evaporation on vertical dust settling can be significant. A 1D dust settling model considering both physical and chemical asp...

In light of recent evidence suggesting a nonzero present-day cosmological constant [1], Adams, Mbonye, & Laughlin[2] have considered the evolution of black holes in the presence of vacuum energy. Using the assumption that Λ remains constant with time and a conjecture based on a paper by Mallett [3], they reach the remarkable conclusion that black holes with current mass greater than ∼ 2 × 10 −9...

The “gas–liquid two-phases mixed flow” mechanism that fine bubble generation uses rapidly swirling water, which shear gas and making small bubbles in water. Based on this mechanism, sending liquid such as oil into the water instead of it able to be emulsified. At present, evaluation methods for emulsions are using particle size distribution dispersion stability. However, emulsion with bad separ...

It is argued that it takes an infinite amount of external time for a freely falling test particle to reach the event horizon of a classical black hole (which happens in finite faller time), and that in this time the black hole would have evaporated due to Hawking radiation; so the freely falling test particle would itself evaporate at the event horizon, and so not pass through.

The evaporation characteristics of sessile water droplets on smooth hydrophobic and structured superhydrophobic heated surfaces are experimentally investigated. Droplets placed on the hierarchical superhydrophobic surface subtend a very high contact angle (∼160°) and demonstrate low roll-off angle (∼1°), while the hydrophobic substrate supports corresponding values of 120° and ∼10°. The substra...

We use the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem to evaluate the hypothesis that atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are trapped in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) as it forms. We test the ability of three different partitioning configurations within the model to reproduce observed total concentrations in the midlatitudes and the Arctic as well as midlatitude gas-particle phase dis...

Evolution and disruption of galaxies orbiting in the gravitational field of a larger cluster galaxy are driven by three coupled mechanisms: 1) the heating due to its time dependent motion in the primary; 2) mass loss due to the tidal strain field; and 3) orbital decay. Previous work demonstrated that tidal heating is effective well inside the impulse approximation limit. Not only does the overa...

Context. xxx Aims. The production of saturated organic molecules in hot cores and corinos is not well understood. The standard approach is to assume that, as temperatures heat up during star formation, methanol and other species evaporate from grain surfaces and undergo a warm gas-phase chemistry at 100 K or greater to produce species such as methyl formate, dimethyl ether, and others. But a se...

Stellar mass black holes in the low-hard state may hold clues to jet formation and basic accretion disc physics, but the nature of the accretion flow remains uncertain. A standard thin disc can extend close to the innermost stable circular orbit, but the inner disc may evaporate when the mass accretion rate is reduced. Blackbody-like continuum emission and dynamically broadened iron emission li...