The main questions which the literature on rule production by agencies and bureaucracies deals with are: To what extent should legislators delegate rule making to bureaucracy? How can procedural rules curb an agency’s discretion in making substantive rules? Do legislators select bureaucratic decisions for oversight randomly or on the basis of complaints? Who exactly controls bureaucracy: some a...

Et ve Süt Kurumu Genel Müdürlüğü’nün, bir iktisadi devlet teşekkülü olarak kârlılık verimlilik ilkeleri doğrultusunda faaliyetlerini sürdürme yükümlülüğü bulunmaktadır. Kuruluş, bazı yıllarda kâr elde etse de genel zarar eden işletme görünümündedir. Bu zararın kaynağı nedenleri çalışmanın odak noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Kuruluşun dışında finansman açıklarına da maruz kaldığı tespit edilmiş bunu...

Modification of proteins by the addition of lysine (K)-63-linked polyubiquitin (polyUb) chains is suggested to play important roles in a variety of cellular events, including DNA repair, signal transduction, and receptor endocytosis. However, identifying such modifications in living cells is complex and cumbersome. We have generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that specifically recognizes K63-l...

Individual ubiquitin (Ub)-protein ligases (E3s) cooperate with specific Ub-conjugating enzymes (E2s) to modify cognate substrates with polyubiquitin chains. E3s belonging to the Really Interesting New Gene (RING) and Homologous to E6-Associated Protein (E6AP) C-Terminus (HECT) domain families utilize distinct molecular mechanisms. In particular, HECT E3s, but not RING E3s, form a thiol ester wi...

All seven lysine residues in ubiquitin contribute to the synthesis of polyubiquitin chains on protein substrates. Whereas K48-linked chains are well established as mediators of proteasomal degradation, and K63-linked chains act in nonproteolytic events, the roles of unconventional polyubiquitin chains linked through K6, K11, K27, K29, or K33 are not well understood. Here, we report that the unc...

Bacterial pustule caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. glycines (syn. X. axonopodis glycines) is an important bacterial disease for soybean production worldwide. Currently, the planting of resistant cultivars main measure control disease. Therefore, objectives this study were to determine aggressiveness different isolates and establish a new protocol evaluate reaction under greenhouse conditions. Th...

Inhalation administration is a promising alternative to the invasive drug delivery methods. The particle size required for ideal drug aerosol preparation is between 1 and 3 μm. The application of microspherical particles of solid dispersions enhances bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs due to the solubilization. In the present work, the spray drying process of the production of microspheric...